The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – Laureates                       Exhibit 4b

 

2004  Richard Axel, Linda B. Buck

2003  Paul C. Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield

2002 Sydney Brenner (1, 3, 6), H. Robert Horvitz (1, 3, 6), John E. Sulston
2001 Leland H. Hartwell, R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt, Sir Paul M. Nurse
2000 Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard (1, 3, 6), Eric R. Kandel (1, 6)
1999 Günter Blobel
1998 Robert F. Furchgott (3, 6), Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad
1997 Stanley B. Prusiner (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
1996 Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
1995 Edward B. Lewis (3), Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus
1994 Alfred G. Gilman (2, 3, 6), Martin Rodbell (1, 2, 3, 5, 6)
1993 Richard J. Roberts (3), Phillip A. Sharp (3)
1992 Edmond H. Fischer(6), Edwin G. Krebs
1991 Erwin Neher (3), Bert Sakmann (3)
1990 Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas
1989 J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus (1, 3, 6)
1988 Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion(1, 2, 3, 5, 6), George H. Hitchings
1987 Susumu Tonegawa
1986 Stanley Cohen (1, 2, 3, 4, 6), Rita Levi-Montalcini (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
1985 Michael S. Brown (1, 3, 5, 6), Joseph L. Goldstein (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
1984 Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
1983 Barbara McClintock
1982 Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane (6)
1981 Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel
1980 Baruj Benacerraf (1, 2, 3, 5, 6), Jean Dausset, George D. Snell
1979 Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield
1978 Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), Hamilton O. Smith
1977 Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally (3, 4, 5, 6), Rosalyn Yalow (1, 2, 3, 5, 6)
1976 Baruch S. Blumberg (1, 2, 3, 4,  5, 6), D. Carleton Gajdusek
1975 David Baltimore (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), Renato Dulbecco, Howard M. Temin (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
1974 Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade
1973 Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen
1972 Gerald M. Edelman (1, 2, 3, 5, 6), Rodney R. Porter
1971 Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
1970 Sir Bernard Katz (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod (1, 2, 3, 5, 6)
1969 Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador E. Luria (1, 2, 3, 5, 6)
1968 Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg (1, 2, 3, 5, 6)
1967 Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wald (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
1966 Peyton Rous, Charles Brenton Huggins
1965 François Jacob (1, 2, 3, 5, 6), André Lwoff (1, 2, 3, 5, 6), Jacques Monod
1964 Konrad Bloch (1, 3, 5, 6), Feodor Lynen
1963 Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley
1962 Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson, Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins
1961 Georg von Békésy
1960 Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Brian Medawar
1959 Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg (1, 2, 3, 5, 6)
1958 George Wells Beadle, Edward Lawrie Tatum, Joshua Lederberg (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
1957 Daniel Bovet
1956 André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards
1955 Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell
1954 John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, Frederick Chapman Robbins
1953 Hans Adolf Krebs (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), Fritz Albert Lipmann (1, 2, 3, 5, 6)
1952 Selman Abraham Waksman (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
1951 Max Theiler
1950 Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein (1, 2, 3, 4), Philip Showalter Hench
1949 Walter Rudolf Hess, Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz
1948 Paul Hermann Müller
1947 Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz (3, 5, 6), Bernardo Alberto Houssay
1946 Hermann Joseph Muller (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
1945 Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain (1, 2, 3, 5, 6), Sir Howard Walter Florey
1944 Joseph Erlanger (1, 2, 3, 5, 6), Herbert Spencer Gasser (1, 3, 5, 6)
1943 Henrik Carl Peter Dam, Edward Adelbert Doisy
1942 Prize money was 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund, 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
1941 Prize money was 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund , 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section
1940 Prize money was 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund , 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section 1939 Gerhard Domagk
1938 Corneille Jean François Heymans
1937 Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrapolt
1936 Sir Henry Hallett Dale, Otto Loewi (1, 2, 3, 5, 6)
1935 Hans Spemann
1934 George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy
1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan
1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, Edgar Douglas Adrian
1931 Otto Heinrich Warburg (1, 2, 3, 5, 6)
1930 Karl Landsteiner (1, 2, 3, 5, 6)
1929 Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1928 Charles Jules Henri Nicolle
1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1926 Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger
1925 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1924 Willem Einthoven (2)
1923 Frederick Grant Banting, John James Richard Macleod
1922 Archibald Vivian Hill, Otto Fritz Meyerhof (1, 2, 3, 6)
1921 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1920 Schack August Steenberg Krogh
1919 Jules Bordet
1918 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1917 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1916 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1915 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
1914 Robert Bárány (1, 2, 3, 5, 6)
1913 Charles Robert Richet
1912 Alexis Carrel
1911 Allvar Gullstrand
1910 Albrecht Kossel
1909 Emil Theodor Kocher
1908 Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), Paul Ehrlich (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
1907 Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
1906 Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal
1905 Robert Koch
1904 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen
1902 Ronald Ross
1901 Emil Adolf von Behring

Notes:  For Laureates identified as Jewish, the parenthetical numbers after their name indicates the source:  (1) is the website “jewho.com” section on Nobels for 2002 and the pages devoted to Medicine. (2) is the book “The Nobel Prize” by Burton Feldman. (3) is the “us-israel.org” web site. (4) is the web site “yahoodi.com”. (5) is the book “Nobel Laureates 1901 – 2000” by Alan Symons. (6) is the web site “jinfo.org”.

For purposes of this book, the tally used in the text and tables includes only Jews identified by more than one source.  Thus of the above list, 49 are Jews by that standard, but Willem Einthovern (1924) John R. Vane (1982), Erwin Neher (1991), Bert Sakmann (1991), Edmond H. Fischer (1992), Richard J. Roberts (1993), Pillip A. Sharp (1993) and Edward B. Lewis (1995) all identified by only one source are not included.